TYPICAL  FLIES 


A  PHOTOGRAPHIC  ATLAS 


BY 

E.  K.  PEARCE 


SECOND  SERIES 


CAMBRIDGE 

AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 
1921 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


TYPICAL  FLIES 


CAMBRIDGE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 

C.  F.  CLAY,  MANAGER 
LONDON    :    FETTER   LANE,  E.G.  4 


LONDON  :  H.  K.  LEWIS  AND  CO.,  LTD., 

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ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED 


TYPICAL  FLIES 

A  PHOTOGRAPHIC  ATLAS 


BY 

E.  K.  PEARCE 


SECOND  SERIES 


CAMBRIDGE 

AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 
1921 


£32. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  SECOND  SERIES 

THIS  supplementary  volume  of 'Typical 'Flies  endeavours  to  complete 
the  series  of  British  Types,  which,  before  the  Great  War,  Professor 
Theobald  was  good  enough  to  select  and  suggest  as  a  sort  of  itinerary. 
And  his  notes  in  both  volumes,  especially  those  on  larvae  in  the  present 
volume,  have  greatly  added  to  their  value.  Thanks  are  due  in  addition 
to  the  British  Museum;  to  the  Museum  of  Mr  Rothschild  at  Tring, 
for  the  loan  of  micro-slides  of  the  Nycteribiidae ;  and  to  Mr  H.  Wad- 
dington,  of  Bournemouth,  for  micro-slides  of  the  Culicidae.  To  the  late 
Mr  F.  C.  Adams,  of  the  New  Forest,  and  to  Mr  N.  D.  F.  Pearce,  of 
Grantchester,  for  various  notes  and  specimens  captured  by  them1.  The 
only  specimens  which  were  included  in  the  original  list,  and  have 
not  been  obtained  sufficiently  well  set  for  photography,  are  those  of 
Medeterus  micaceus,  Agromyza  lutea,  Diplosis  pyrivora,  and  of  Oscinis 
frit,  to  be  added  later. 

To  Mr  Harwood,  of  Sudbury  (Suffolk),  I  am  again  greatly  indebted 
for  many  specimens,  especially  those  of  Trypetidae2,  and  seq.  There 
appeared  to  be  no  recent  illustrations  of  these  beautiful  flies  and  similar 
species,  or  even  of  some  rare  and  common  flies,  of  which  identification 
is  difficult.  So  these,  too,  have  been  included  in  this  little  volume. 

It  is  not  claimed  that  the  venation  is  always  clear ;  that  would  be 
difficult  to  secure  in  many  cases :  but  every  effort  has  been  made  to 
give  a  clue  to  the  collector.  Whenever  possible  a  comparison  with 
actual  named  specimens  in  collections  and  museums,  or  with  lens,  is 
desirable.  The  requirements  of  the  Dipterist  have  been  dealt  with 
in  the  previous  volume.  They  include  a  good  net,  bottles,  pins,  fine 
brushes,  and  forceps,  for  setting.  Setting  boards,  killing  bottles,  cork- 
lined  boxes  for  keeping  specimens  (in  these  expensive  days  of  cabinets), 
a  low-power  microscope,  and  a  good  hand  lens  are  desiderata.  The 
hours  for  collecting  are  those  of  calm,  March  to  October;  a  warm 
sun  is  essential.  For  unknown  reasons  specimens  not  only  inhabit 

1  I  greatly  regret  to  hear  of  the  death  of  Mr  Adams  since  this  series  of  Typical 
Flies  went  to  press. 

1  In  the  Entomologists  Record  and  Journal  of  Variation  Mr  T.  C.  Collins  deals 
with  the  variation  in  wing  markings  of  Trypetidae,  stating  that  the  banded  mottled 
wings  constitute  specified  and  even  generic  characters. 


vi  PREFACE  TO  THE  SECOND  SERIES 

certain  districts,  but  as  often  desert  them  for  even  a  term  of  years. 
Nevertheless,  it  is  in  well-known  resorts  that  the  capture  of  certain 
species  is  alone  possible.  A  classification  of  Brauer  will  be  found 
in  this  volume,  as  in  its  predecessor;  a  cross  marks  the  specimens 
contained  in  this  volume,  and  a  star  intimates  they  will  be  found  in 
the  preceding  volume.  It  is  hoped  that  this  little  book  may  not  be  in 
vain  in  inducing  students  to  commence  a  study  of  wide  possibilities. 
The  following  books  may  be  of  use  to  the  student : 

Theobald's  Monographs  of  the  Culicidae.    (British  Museum :  some 

of  which  are  out  of  print.) 
Verrall's  List  of  British  Diptera. 

„         British  Flies  (two  volumes). 
Austen's    Bloodsucking    Flies.     (British    Museum    of    Natural 

History.) 
Parasitology,  Vol.  IX,  No.  4.   July  27,  1917.    C.U.P.    Notes  on 

Nycteribiidae. 
Staveley's  British  Insects. 
Instructions  for  Collectors.   (British  Museum.) 
Insects  at  Home.   (Wood.) 
A    map   showing   known   distribution   of  Anopheles    mosquitos. 

(British  Museum.) 

In  the  Exhibited  Series  of  Insects  in  the  Department  of  Zoology, 
British  Museum.  (Natural  History),  Cromwell  Road,  S.W.,  will  be 
found  a  short  series  of  British  Diptera :  those  in  table  cases  having 
fine  enlarged  coloured  illustrations  on  the  lids  of  the  cases,  of  great 
use  to  students — the  main  collections  of  the  Museum  being  reserved 
elsewhere. 

E.  K.  PEARCE. 
KEMPSTON,  BOURNEMOUTH, 
Aug.  \6tht  1921. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  SERIES 

THE  study  of  Diptera  (two-winged  flies)  is  rendered  peculiarly 
difficult  by  the  lack  of  elementary  treatises  on  the  subject.  Certain 
groups  are  fully  treated  in  the  two  large  (and  costly)  volumes  published 
by  the  late  Mr  Verrall,  there  are  a  few  scattered  papers  in  various 
magazines,  and  one  or  two  monographs  (such  as  Lowne's  on  the 
Blowfly) ;  but  there  is  nothing  to  compare  with  the  numerous  manuals 
dealing  with  Lepidoptera  and  Coleoptera,  to  name  two  orders  only. 
This  little  book  does  not  claim  to  fill  the  gap,  but  it  is  hoped  that  it 
may  be  of  some  use  to  the  beginner,  and  attract  attention  to  an  order 
which  possesses  great  interest,  and  is  moreover  of  much  economic 
importance.  It  is  chiefly  a  picture  book,  as  pictures  appeal  more  to 
the  eye  than  many  pages  of  letterpress;  and  an  important  dipterous 
character — the  venation  of  the  wings — can  be  rendered  with  fidelity  in 
a  photograph. 

I  have  found  it  difficult  to  obtain  specimens  set  sufficiently  flat  for 
photographic  reproduction ;  since,  in  photographing  on  the  enlarged 
scale  required,  no  amount  of  "  stopping  down  "  will  produce  an  image 
sharp  all  over,  unless  the  subject  be  fairly  in  one  plane:  in  addition  to 
this,  some  species  when  set  and  dried  shrivel  up,  and  give  but  a  poor 
idea  of  their  appearance  when  fresh.  This  of  course  chiefly  applies  to 
the  bodies  of  flies,  the  wings  and  legs  are  not  so  affected. 

Flies  may  be  taken  with  the  usual  entomological  net,  preferably  a 
green  one,  as  less  likely  to  cause  alarm  than  a  white  one.  Mosquito 
netting,  which  may  be  dyed  the  required  colour,  is  much  better  than 
green  leno.  The  net  should  be  fairly  large,  but  light  and  easily  managed, 
as  many  flies  are  very  swift  and  strong  on  the  wing.  When  caught, 
the  fly  may  be  transferred  to  a  glass  bottomed  entomological  box :  a 
good  supply  should  be  carried,  and  it  is  better  that  only  one  specimen 
be  placed  in  a  box.  On  returning  home  the  flies  may  be  killed  in  a 
laurel  bottle,  care  being  taken  that  the  leaves  do  not  become  mildewed, 
which  would  probably  ruin  the  specimens ;  a  circular  piece  of  white 
blotting  paper  should  be  placed  over  the  leaves,  and  frequently  renewed. 
Flies  should  remain  in  the  bottle  till  they  are  thoroughly  relaxed, 
which  will  require  a  day  or  two;  if  left  too  long  they  become  rotten 


viii  PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  SERIES 

and  easily  break  whilst  setting.  Narrow  boards,  such  as  are  used  for 
the  smallest  lepidoptera,  will  be  suitable  for  large  and  medium  sized 
flies ;  small  ones  may  be  set  on  strips  of  flat  cork,  covered  with  thin 
white  paper.  Entomological  forceps  will  be  needed  to  insert  the  pin 
in  the  thorax  of  the  fly ;  I  prefer  these  curved,  as  they  are  also  useful 
for  moving  pinned  specimens.  If  the  flies  are  to  be  photographed  the 
pin  must  be  cut  off  as  short  as  possible  above  the  thorax,  and  the  cut 
end  blackened  with  a  touch  of  "  matt  black."  No.  20  pins  will  be  use- 
ful for  most  flies,  though  the  large  species  require  something  stronger, 
whilst  the  very  small  ones,  if  pinned  at  all,  require  the  finest  silver 
pins  obtainable.  Taylor,  New  Hall  Works,  Birmingham,  will  supply 
a  sample  card  of  pins.  For  setting,  strips  and  triangles  of  stiff  writing 
paper,  to  hold  legs  and  wings  in  place,  and  a  stiff  sable  paint-brush,  a 
few  handled  bristles  and  a  fine  needle  or  two,  also  handled,  will  do  all 
that  is  required :  a  lens  is  indispensable  in  setting  small  flies,  and  may 
with  advantage  be  mounted  on  a  simple  stand  to  leave  both  hands 
free.  Some  flies,  especially  the  Tachinidae,  are  very  brittle:  care  must 
be  taken  in  manipulating  them.  Culicidae  should  be  set  and  photo- 
graphed as  quickly  as  possible,  they  very  soon  shrivel.  Other  flies  may 
remain  about  ten  days  on  the  setting  boards.  As  to  numbers,  half  a 
dozen  specimens  should  be  ample,  both  sexes  being  represented,  where 
possible.  Fewer  will  often  have  to  suffice  with  rare  species,  and  for 
purposes  of  photography  one  well  set  specimen  would  be  sufficient,  were 
it  not  for  the  ever  present  risk  of  damage  in  moving  from  the  store 
box:  the  slightest  touch  or  jar  will  often  cause  the  loss  of  a  leg  or 
antenna,  and  the  attempt  to  replace  these  is  seldom  successful. 

Store  boxes  may  be  had  in  many  sizes  (10x8  inches  is  as  good  as 
any) ;  whatever  size  is  used  should  be  adhered  to,  as  far  as  possible, 
for  the  sake  of  uniformity.  They  should  be  carefully  examined  for 
mites,  a  great  enemy  to  the  collector;  even  new  boxes  are  sometimes 
contaminated.  In  sending  flies  by  post  it  is  well  to  use  two  boxes, 
pinning  them  well  into  the  inner,  and  supporting  them  by  extra  pins 
if  possible;  then  packing  the  box  with  shavings  inside  a  larger  one. 
The  label  will  of  course  be  tied  on.  When  finally  pinning  flies  into 
the  store  box  it  is  essential  to  use  a  small  label  giving  date  and 
locality,  which  can  be  pinned,  written  side  down,  by  the  same  pin  as 
the  specimen.  The  name,  etc.  of  the  fly  is  written  on  a  second  label 
and  pinned  behind  it  in  the  box:  the  sex  should  be  marked,  where 
known,  and  a  number  added  to  correspond  with  that  in  a  notebook, 
where  fuller  details  may  be  recorded.  Flies  should  be  stored  in  a  cool 


PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  SERIES  ix 

dry  place,  free  from  accidental  jars  and  careless  handling.  Naphthalin 
wrapped  in  a  piece  of  net  should  be  pinned  in  a  corner  of  the  box  as 
a  guard  against  mites,  the  great  enemy  of  the  dipterist  as  of  the 
entomologist  in  general. 

The  chief  season  for  collecting  in  this  country  is  from  March  till 
October,  the  sunny  forenoon  being  the  best  time.  Windy  days  are 
very  unproductive.  Even  well-known  and  good  localities  are  sometimes 
a  blank,  from  causes  we  do  not  know,  for  flies  seem  very  capricious  in 
their  habits.  But,  like  other  creatures,  they  have  special  haunts  where 
they  may  usually  be  found  at  the  proper  season,  and  where  they  may 
be  expected  to  occur  if  carefully  searched  for.  Considerable  experience 
in  their  habits  and  localities  is  needed  by  the  collector.  Generally 
speaking,  umbelliferous  plants,  also  bramble,  hawthorn  and  ivy  bloom 
seem  to  be  most  attractive.  Flies  often  settle  upon  gate-posts,  railings, 
and  tree-trunks,  especially  if  wounded  or  decayed.  Others  frequent 
salt-marshes  and  swamps,  ponds  and  river-sides ;  whilst  heath-lands, 
sheepruns,  bare  hot  sandy  areas  and  commons  attract  others.  Horse 
and  cattle  droppings  and  decomposing  animal  and  vegetable  matter 
are  well-known  baits  for  many  species.  Others  attack  living  animals, 
not  excepting  man ;  and  certain  flies  prey  on  insects  and  spiders. 
Should  horses  or  cattle  be  approached  for  the  purpose  of  taking  flies, 
much  care  must  be  exercised,  as  a  net  will  generally  stampede  them ; 
it  is  difficult  to  employ  it  to  advantage  under  such  conditions. 

This  little  book  has  received  the  kind  encouragement  of  many 
entomologists,  among  whom  I  may  mention  Professor  Nuttall  and 
Mr  Warburton,  both  of  Cambridge.  Much  practical  help  in  the 
selection  of  species,  and  information  as  to  types  selected  and  their 
larvae,  has  been  afforded  by  the  kindness  of  Professor  Theobald,  whose 
assistance,  it  is  hoped,  has  added  greatly  to  the  utility  of  this  book. 
Thanks  are  also  due  to  Mr  Harwood,  of  Colchester,  for  the  fine  speci- 
mens of  diptera  which  he  has  furnished  for  the  photographs  herewith 
presented.  It  has  not  always  been  possible  to  do  them  justice,  owing 
to  the  difficulties  previously  noted  as  besetting  the  photographer. 
Mr  H.  Waddington  kindly  supplied  some  fine  microscopic  slides. 
The  author's  brother,  Mr  N.  D.  F.  Pearce,  has  also  helped  with  the 
illustrations,  as  to  the  success  of  which  the  reader  must  be  left  to 
judge.  Acknowledgement  has  been  made  in  every  case,  it  is  thought, 
where  help  has  been  received :  and  if  this  effort  is  successful  it  is 
hoped  that  it  may  be  some  day  supplemented  by  a  further  series  of 
pictures,  to  fill  a  few  gaps  that  were  unavoidable  in  the  present  volume. 


x  PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  SERIES 

The  life  history  (ovum,  larva,  pupa)  of  many  of  the  species  shown  is 
yet  to  be  traced  by  entomologists.  Measurements  are  given  in  every 
case  in  millimetres  (25  mm.  =  I  inch),  the  first  dimension  being  the 
length  of  the  fly,  and  the  second  the  expanse  of  wings.  For  various 
reasons  it  has  not  been  found  possible  to  reproduce  the  specimens  on 
one  uniform  scale :  the  same  difficulty  was  met  with  by  Dr  Michael 
in  illustrating  the  Oribatidae. 

E.  K.  PEARCE. 

BOURNEMOUTH. 
June  1915. 


Scale  of  3  centimetres  of  which  one 
is  divided  into  10  millimetres. 


BRAUER'S  CLASSIFICATION  OF  DIPTERA 

(t  A  cross  denotes  that  the  family  is  illustrated  in  this  book.    *  An  asterisk 
intimates  they  will  be  found  in  the  preceding  volume.) 


Sub-order  i.    ORTHORRHAPHA 

Larva  with  a  distinct  head.    Pupa  obtected. 

The  adult  escapes  from  the  pupal  skin  by  a  straight  dorsal  slit 
which  may  be  transverse  but  is  more  usually  longitudinal.  Imago 
lacks  the  frontal  lunule  and  ptilinum. 

Sub-order  2.   CYCLORRHAPHA 

Larva  without  any  distinct  head.    The  Pupa  coarctate. 

The  adult  escapes  from  the  puparium  through  a  more  or  less 
round  opening  at  the  anterior  end.  Frontal  lunule  present ;  ptilinum 
usually  present. 

Sub-order  I.   ORTHORRHAPHA 
Section  I.   NEMATOCERA 


Typical  Flies.    Second  Series. 

ERRATA 

Figs.  46,  47.  For  Anthrax  circumdatus  read  Villa  circumdata  Mg. 

Fig.  48.   For  Habitat  of  Anthrax  circumdatus  read  Habitat  of  Villa 
circumdata. 

Fig.  72.    For  Spilogaster  Zoe  •$  read  Spilographa  Zoe  Mg.  $ 
Fig.  91.  For  Spilographa  Zoe  Mg.  ct  read  Spilographa  ZoeMg.  $ 


x  PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  SERIES 

The  life  history  (ovum,  larva,  pupa)  of  many  of  the  species  shown  is 
yet  to  be  traced  by  entomologists.  Measurements  are  given  in  every 
case  in  millimetres  (25  mm.  =  I  inch),  the  first  dimension  being  the 
length  of  the  fly,  and  the  second  the  expanse  of  wings.  For  various 
reasons  it  has  not  been  found  possible  to  reproduce  the  specimens  on 
one  uniform  scale :  the  same  difficulty  was  met  with  by  Dr  Michael 
in  illustrating  the  Oribatidae. 

E.  K.  PEARCE. 

BOURNEMOUTH. 
June  1915. 


Scale  of  3  centimetres  of  which  one 
is  divided  into  10  millimetres. 


BRAUER'S  CLASSIFICATION  OF  DIPTERA 

(t  A  cross  denotes  that  the  family  is  illustrated  in  this  book.    *  An  asterisk 
intimates  they  will  be  found  in  the  preceding  volume.) 


Sub-order  i.   ORTHORRHAPHA 

Larva  with  a  distinct  head.    Pupa  obtected. 

The  adult  escapes  from  the  pupal  skin  by  a  straight  dorsal  slit 
which  may  be  transverse  but  is  more  usually  longitudinal.  Imago 
lacks  the  frontal  lunule  and  ptilinum. 

Sub-order  2.    CYCLORRHAPHA 

Larva  without  any  distinct  head.    The  Pupa  coarctate. 

The  adult  escapes  from  the  puparium  through  a  more  or  less 
round  opening  at  the  anterior  end.  Frontal  lunule  present ;  ptilinum 
usually  present. 

Sub-order  i.    ORTHORRHAPHA 
Section  I.   NEMATOCERA 

Antennae  long  and  thread-like,  composed  of  many  similar  or  very 
similar  segments.  The  maxillary  palpi  usually  elongate  and  flexible 
of  from  2  to  5  segments.  Second  long  vein  often  forked. 

Section  II.   BRACK YCERA 

Antennae  usually  of  three  segments,  the  third  usually  elongated 
and  sometimes  composed  of  a  number  of  indistinct  sub-segments  and 
often  bearing  a  style  or  arista.  Maxillary  palpi  of  i  to  2  segments, 
not  flexible.  Second  long  vein  not  forked.  Squamae  completely  con- 
cealing the  halteres. 


xii  CLASSIFICATION  OF  DIPTERA 

i.   THE    ORTHORRHAPHA.     Section   I.    NEMATOCERA 

contain  the  following  families  : 

*i.  J Pulicidae  (Fleas). 

*2.  Cecidomyidae  (Gall  Midges). 

f*3.  Mycetophilidae  (Fungus  Gnats). 

f*4.  Bibionidae  (Fever  Flies,  St  Mark's  Flies). 

t*5-  Simuliidae  (Sand  Flies). 

*6.  Chironomidae  (Midges). 

7.  Orphnephilidae. 

f8.  Psychodidae  (Owl  Midges). 

f*9.  Culicidae  (Mosquitoes), 

fio.  Dixidae. 

*n.  Ptychopteridae  (False  Daddy  Long  Legs). 

*I2.  Limnobiidae  (False  Daddy  Long  Legs). 

t*i3.  Tipulidae  (True  Daddy  Long  Legs). 

*I4.  Rhyphidae  (Window  Flies). 

Section  II.   BRACHYCERA 

t*i5'  Stratiomyidae  (Chameleon  Flies). 

f*i6.  Tabanidae  (Gad  Flies). 

*!?.  Leptidae  (Leptis  Flies). 

f*i8.  Asilidae  (Robber  Flies). 

1*19.  Bombylidae. 

*2O.  Therevidae. 

y2i.  Scenopinidae. 

+22.  Cyrtidae. 

|*23.  Empidae  (Empis  Flies). 

f*24.  Dolichopodidae. 

•[•25.  Lonchopteridae. 

2.   THE  CYCLORRHAPHA.    Section  I.    ASCHIZA 

Frontal  lunule  more  or  less  indefinite ;  no  frontal  suture. 
*26.     Platypezidae. 
f2/.     Pipunculidae. 
t*28.     Syrphidae  (Hover  Flies). 

1  These  are  by  some  raised  to  the  rank  of  an  order  called  Aphaniptera  or 
Siphonaptera.)  but  there  is  no  reason  whatever  for  separating  the  Fleas  or  Pulicidae 
from  the  Diptera. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  DIPTERA  xiii 

Section  II.   SCHIZOPHORA 
Frontal  lunule  and  frontal  suture  marked. 

Sub-section  A.  MUSCOIDEA 
Produce  ova  as  a  rule. 

Sub-section  B.   PUPIPARA 
Produce  fully  matured  larvae. 

Sub-section  A.   MUSCOIDEA 

Series  a.   Acalyptrata 
Squamae  small,  not  concealing  the  halteres. 

Series  b.    Calyptrata 
Squamae  concealing  the  halteres. 

Section  II.   SCHIZOPHORA 
Sub-section  A.   MUSCOIDEA.    Series  a.   Acalyptrata 

*29.  Conopidae. 

t*30.  Cordyluridae. 

3 1 .  Phycodromidae. 

32.  Helomyzidae. 

33.  Heteroneuridae. 
f*34.  Sciomyzidae. 

f3S.  Psilidae. 

36.  Micropezidae. 

t37.  Ortalidae. 

f*38.  Trypetidae. 

f39.  Lonchaeidae. 

40.  Sapromyzidae. 

j*4i.  Opomyzidae. 

42.  Sepsidae. 

f43.  Piophilidae  (Cheese  Flies,  etc.). 

44.  Geomyzidae. 

45.  Ephydridae. 
^46.  Drosophilidae. 

*47.  Chloropidae  (Gout  Flies). 

48.  Milichidae. 

49.  Agromyzidae. 
fSO.  Phytomyzidae. 


xiv  CLASSIFICATION  OF  DIPTERA 

51.     Astiadae. 
f52.     Borboridae. 
f53.     Phoridae. 

Sub-section  A.    MUSCOIDEA.   Series  b.    Calyptrata. 

t*54-  Oestridae  (Warble  Flies). 

f*55.  ^achinidae  (Tachina  Flies). 

f*56.  Muscidae  (House  Flies,  etc.). 

f*57.  Anthomyidae  (Root-feeding  Maggots,  etc.). 

Sub-section  B.   PUPIPARA 

t*58.     Hippoboscidae  (Forest  Flies). 
|59.     Braulidae  (Bee  Flies). 
f6o.     Nycteribiidae  (Bat  Flies). 

1  The  Sarcophaginae  and  Dexinae  are  sometimes  separated  from  the  Tachinidae 
as  two  separate  families. 


ORTHORRHAPHA 

NEMATOCERA 


Mycetophilidae 
Bibionidae 


Fig.  2.    Scatopse  notata  L.    4x7-5  mm.     Plentiful 
on  windows  end  of  May.    The  larvae  live  on  vege- 

Fig.  i.  Platyura  niarginata  Mg.  8x12  mm.  table  and  decaying  matter.  They  are  long  and 
Found  by  sweeping.  Most  species  inhabit  woods  fusiform  and  show  two  points  at  the  sides  of  the 
and  thickets.  The  larvae  of  Platyura  feed  on  fungi.  prothorax,  and  of  the  eight  basal  segments  of  the 
"Appearance  in  the  New  Forest,  spasmodic."  abdomen,  which  ends  in  two  rather  long  divergent 
(Adams.)  Colchester.  setae.  (Theobald.)  Found  at  Grantchester. 


Fig.  3.  Dilophus  febrilis  L.  $  4x9  mm.,  $5x11 
mm.  Abundant  on  Wild  Parsnip,  though  named 
febrilis  by  Linnaeus,  owing  to  the  general  opinion 
in  Sweden  that  the  fly  resorted  to  houses  where 
intermittent  fever  existed.  Curtis  states  that  this 
species  causes  much  mischief  in  gardens.  The  so- 
called  fever  fly  gets  into  Hop  cones  in  Kent  now 
and  then,  and  causes  loss  by  destroying  their  bright- 
ness. The  larvae  live  in  all  manner  of  roots  besides 
hops,  and  do  no  little  damage.  (Theobald.) 


ORTHORRHAPHA 

NEMATOCERA 


Simuliidae 


Fig.  4.    Ova,  Simulium  cinereum  Ltr. 


Fig.  5.    Pupa,  Simulium. 


Fig.  6.    Larva,  Simulium. 


Fig.  7.    Habitat,  Simulium.    (N.  D.  F.  P.) 


Figs.  4,  5,  6,  7.  Simulium  cinereum  Ltr.  Larva  4-5  mm.,  Pupa  4^5  mm.,  Ova,  area,  4  mm.  Habitat  in  the 
Bourn  Brook,  Grantchester.  Sand  flies  are  abundant  in  damp  and  sandy  and  marshy  places,  and  attack 
man  and  animals  as  mosquitoes  do.  (See  Typical  Flies,  fig.  n.) 


ORTHORRHAPHA 

NEMATOCERA 


Psychodidae 


Fig.  8.  Pericotna  compta  Eat.  2x8-5  mm.  Rarely 
sucks  blood  ;  larvae  aquatic.  Larvae  of  Pcricoina 
have  2  rows  of  curved  veins  down  the  body. 


Fig.  9.  Psyclioda  phalaenoides  L.  12  xi.  1891. 
4  mm.  from  tip  of  wing  to  base  of  abdomen.  Larvae 
live  in  rotting  vegetable  matter  and  dung  ;  the  pupae 
inactive,  with  2  long  tubes  like  antenna  stigmata. 
The  abdomen  tapering.  (Theobald.) 


Fig.  10.  Psychoda  sexpunctata  Curt.  3x7  mm.  On 
windows  in  April.  The  larvae  live  in  dry  cow- 
dung.  They  are  long,  subfusiform  and  depressed, 
with  a  slender  straight  cylindrical  tail,  longer  than 
the  preceding  segment.  (Figured  by  Bouche  and 
M.  Perrin.)  (Theobald.)  Grantchester. 


ORTHORRHAPHA 

NEMATOCERA 


Culicidae 


Fig.  ii. 


Fig.  12. 


Figs.  11,  12,  and  13.   Corcthra  plumicornis  F. 

Fig.  11.    (^6  mm.  to  end  of  abdomen. 

Fig.  12.    $  6x9  mm. 

Fig-  13-    ?  with  wings  closed,  wings  5  mm. 

The  larva  of  Corethra  catches  prey  with  its  an- 
tennae, sweeping  as  do  others  of  the  Culicidae. 
(Figs.  11,  12,  13  micro-mounts,  Waddington.) 


Fig.  13- 


ORTHORRHAPHA 
NEMATOCERA 


Culicidae 


f 


Fig.  14.    Larva,  Corethra.    Introvert,  plain. 


Fig.  15.    Larva,  Corethra.    Introvert,  with  included 
air  vesicle. 


Fig.  1 6.    Larva,  Corethra. 


Figs.  14-17.    Corethra  pluinicornis  F. 

Fig.   14.     Larva  showing    introvert    2'5   mm.   from 

back  of  head  to  end  of  introvert. 

Fig.    15.    Larva   showing   proboscis    3   mm.    from 

back  of  head  to  end  of  proboscis. 

Fig.  1 6.    Transparent  larva,  7  mm. 

Fig.  17.    Pupa,  7  mm. 

(Micro-slides,  Waddington.) 


Fig.  17.    Pupa,  Corethra. 


ORTHORRHAPHA 

NEMATOCERA 


Culicidae 


Fig.  1 8.   Mochlonyx  vehttinns  Ruthc.    <J,7inm.  Fig.  19.    Larva,  Modi] onyx.    6mm. 


Fig.  20.  Pupa,  Mochlonyx.  4-5  mm.  (Micro-slides, 
Waddington.) 

The  larvae  of  MocJilonyx  are  found  resting  on  water 
in  Bournemouth  neighbourhood.  Second  breathing 
tube  out  of  focus  and  not  shown. 


Fig.  20. 


ORTHORRHAPHA 

NEMATOCERA 


Culicidae 


Fig.  21.    Aedcs  tin  ere  us  Mg.    4x7  mm. 


Fig.    22.     Antennae    of  Aedes   cinereus. 
I -5  mm.    (Micro-slides,  Waddington.) 


/ 


\ 


Fig.  23.  Anopheles,  (a)  Ovum  showing  emergence  exit,  '5  mm. ;  (b~)  larva  just  emerged,  -5  mm.  (bred 
Waddington) ;  (c)  ovum  showing  floats,  '5  mm. ;  (d}  larva  bred  out,  I  mm.,  one  day  old.  (Micro-slides, 
Waddington.)  The  ova  are  not  deposited  in  rafts  as  in  Culex,  but  singly  amongst  weed,  and  tend  to 
arrange  in  groups  or  stars,  coming  together  after  deposition  perhaps  in  a  "  Polar  Star  arrangement." 
(Waddington.)  White  when  deposited,  turn  dark  rapidly.  Note  air  cells  at  sides  of  ovum,  fig.  c.  Cp.  with 
egg  raft  of  C.  pipicns,  fig.  i  r  Typical  Flies,  and  AnopJieles,  figs.  14,  15  Typical  Flies. 


ORTHORRHAPHA 

NEMATOCERA 


Culicidae 

Dixidae 

Tipulidae 


Fig.  25. 

Fig.  24.    Larva,  Culex  i/exans.   7  mm. 

Fig.  25.    Pupa,  Culex  vexans.   4' 5  mm. 

(Micro-slides,  Waddington.) 


Fig.  24. 


Fig.  26.    Dixa  Mg.    2'5  x  5  mm.    Bred  Waddington       Fig.  27.    Tipitla  marmorata  Mg.    14x30  mm. 
from  Kempston  fountain.    Larvae  aquatic,  resemble  Dumbarton, 

somewhat  those  of  mosquitoes.  Flies  found  in 
bushy,  moist  places,  and  dance  in  swarms  in  the  air. 
(Theobald.) 


ORTHORRHAPHA 

NEMATOCERA 


Tipulidae 


Fig.  28.  Xiphura  nigricornis  Mg.  $  16x25  mm.,  ?  !9X32  mm.  Larvae 
feed  on  oak  borings.  23  v.  1908.  Hut  Wood,  New  Forest.  (Beck.)  A 
scarce  species. 


Fig.  29.  Ctenophora  ornata  Mg.  ^ 
£  16  mm.  Wings  each  14  mm.  $  19  mm. 
pupae  in  rotten  tree. 


Wings  each  15-5  mm. 


Fig.  30.    Ctcnophora  ornata  Mg.  ?. 
Bred  by  Dr  Sharp,  New  Forest,  from 


ORTHORRHAPHA 
BRACK YCERA 


10 


Stratiomyidae 


Fig.  31.  Nemotelus  notatus  Ztt.  ^5x11  mm.. 
55x12  mm.  £  cream-coloured  abdomen,  spotted 
with  black.  $  abdomen  almost  wholly  black.  Often 
found  in  company  of  N.  uliginosus.  Sometimes  in 
great  numbers  on  the  salt  marshes  in  the  Thames 
Estuary.  This  extends  to  the  mouth  of  the  Colne 
River.  These  flies  are  slow  in  movement,  and  are 
found  on  flowers,  rushes,  and  grass.  St  Osyth, 
E.  Coast.  (Harwood.) 


Fig.  32.  Odontomyia  tigrina  F.  $  8*5  x  17  mm., 
?  8x16  mm.  Taken  hovering  over  waterplants 
and  about  flowers  of  Water  Buttercup  {Ranunculus 
sceleratus).  (Harwood.) 


Fig-  33-  Microchrysa  polita  L.  £  4*5  x  10  mm., 
$  4/5  x  1 1  mm.  Common,  sunning  itself  on  leaves 
of  various  plants,  May  to  July. 


ORTHORRHAPHA 
BRACHYCERA 


1 1 


Stratiomyidae 
Tabanidae 


Fig.  34.  Berts  vallata  Forst.  9  5  x  1 1  mm.  Folded  wings  7  mm.  head  to  tip  of  wing.  New  Forest, 
15  vii.  1899.  The  commonest  species  of  the  genus,  closely  allied  to  B.  clai/ipes,  which  is  distinguished  by  its 
larger  size  and  black  instead  of  yellow  pubescence  of  abdomen,  and  in  the  female  by  its  infumated 
wings.  (Harvvood.) 


Fig.  35.    Therioplectes  micans  Mg.   14x29  mm.   "  Not  co 
off  from  Tabanus  by  hairy  eyes,  and  in  all  the  species  of  both 
(Clifton  College.)    British  Museum  specimen. 


ion  in  N.  Forest"  (Adams).   This  group  is  split 
enerathe  $  is  much  commoner  than  the  $. 


ORTHORRHAPHA 

BRACHVCERA 


12 


Tabanidae 


Fig.  36- 


Fig.  37-    ?. 


Figs.  36,  37.  Tabanus  antumnalis  L.  <£  16  x  33  mm.,  $  19  x  36  mm.  Usually  found  at  rest  on  trees  and 
posts  in  and  near  woods,  especially  in  late  afternoons.  Bites  horses  and  cattle.  Does  not  appear  to  bite 
human  beings  as  vigorously  as  some  others  of  this  group.  Habitat  of  the  fly  and  mouth  parts  here  shown. 
Known  popularly  as  Gad  Flies  or  Breeze  Flies. 


Fig.  38.    Mouth  parts  of  Tabanus  autumnalis. 


Fig.  39.   Habitat  of  Tabanus  autumnalis.  (Thomas.) 
Charborough  Park,  Dorset. 


ORTHORRHAPHA 
BRACHYCERA 


Tabanidae 


Fig.  40.  Chrysops  caecutiens  L.  9  9  mm.  from  frons 
to  tip  of  abdomen,  13  mm.  from  frons  to  tip  of  wings. 
The  male  has  abdomen  entirely  black,  and  is  rarely 
taken.  9  m  swarms  in  damp  weather  in  woods. 
Compare  with  Figs.  41-43.  See  Typical  Flies, 
Figs.  43-48. 


Fig.  43-    ?• 


Figs.  41,  42,  43.  Chrysops  sepulcralis  F.  In  these 
flies  the  9  vary  in  length  from  6  mm.  to  8  mm.  In 
case  of  $  solitary  or  sparse,  found  on  grass  or  rush 
in  bogs,  and  very  swift  in  movement.  In  case  of  9 
in  swarms,  and  alighting  on  people.  Abundant  in 
certain  marshy  localities  near  Wareham,  Dorset. 
On  Morden  Heath,  in  three  days  of  two  or  three 
hours,  140  were  taken,  all  $ .  The  $  were  taken  in 
twos  or  threes,  July  1917,  1918,  mainly  in  swamps. 
$  yx  15  mm.  In  9  spread  of  wings  13  to  i6mm. 


ORTHORRHAPHA 

BRACHYCERA 


Asilidae 


Fig.  44.    Laphria  flava  L.    $17x37  mm.    A  rare  species  found  at  rest  on  logs  in  pine  woods  in  Scotland 
and  Nethy  Bridge,  end  of  June.    Cp.  <$  fig.  59  Typical  Flies.    (P.  Harwood.) 


Fig.  45.  Philoniclis  albiceps  Mg.  Figured  at  rest.    (Ji6mm.,  9  15  mm.  from  frons  to  extremity  of  abdomen. 

Southbourne,  vii.  18. 


ORTHORRHAPHA 
BRACK YCERA 


Bombylidae 


Fig.  46.    ? 


Fig.  47-    £. 

Figs.  46,  47.  Anthrax  circumdatus.  $  11x25  mm-  Taken  in  numbers  on  bare  paths,  Wareham  Heath, 
by  N.  D.  F.  Pearce  and  E.  K.  Pearce,  August  1917,  1918.  £  taken  by  the  late  Rev.  O.  Pickard-Cam- 
bridge  (Hloxworth).  Species  parasitic  in  the  nests  of  bees  (Megachile  and  Anthophora),  vide  Westvvood 
on  Insects,  vol.  n.  p.  544.  (Theobald.) 


Fig.  48.    Habitat  of  Anthrax  circuindatus,  Wareham  Heath. 


ORTHORRHAPHA 
BRACHYCERA 


16 


Bombylidae 

Scenopinidae 

Cyrtidae 


Figs.  49,  50.  Bombylius  minor  L. 
£  8  x  22  mm.,  $  9  x  21  mm.  Ware- 
ham  and  Morden  Heath,  hovering 
over  heather  and  ditches,  probably 
coincident  with  a  bee  host ;  seen  to 
be  hunting  banks,  evidently  for  the 
object  of  ovipositing.  Distinguished 
from  canescens  by  white  pubescence 
on  frons,  in  varying  amount.  (Can- 
escens could  not  be  found  on  Ware- 
ham  Heath.) 


Fig.  51.  Scenopinus  fenestralis  L.  5'5xiimm.  On 
windows  end  of  summer  and  outhouses.  (Adams,  New 
Forest.)  Larvae  found  in  fungi  and  wood,  and  even 
under  carpets.  Carnivorous,  long  and  slender,  like  the 
Therevidae.  (Theobald.) 


Fig.  52.  Acroceragfo&u/usPz.  ^  •  Length  y^mm., 
wings  6  mm.  (Rushall  farm,  Salisbury,  3  vi. 
1909.)  Thorax  dark  brown,  abdomen  pale  yellow. 
Very  sluggish  flies,  often  found  settled  on  old 
tree  trunks  and  branches  of  trees  around  which 
they  fly. 


ORTHORRHAPHA 

BRACHYCERA 


Empidae 

Dolichopodidae 

Lonchopteridae 


Fig-  53-  Empis  tessellata  F.  At  rest,  12  mm.  to 
extremity  of  wing.  Common  on  hawthorn  blossom. 
Predatory  insects,  the  imagines  seizing  other  insects, 
from  which  they  suck  the  juices.  They  are  decidedly 
beneficial ;  for  examples  see  Prof.  Poulton's  "  Pre- 
dacious Insects  and  their  Prey"  on  Empidae  and 
their  Prey,  Trans.  Entomological  Society  of  London^ 
1907. 


Fig.  54.  Hilara  maura  F.  $  4-5  x  1 1  mm.,  $  4  x 
IO'5  mm.  In  swarms  on  Bourn  Brook,  Grantchester. 
(N.  D.  F.  Pearce.)  Intense  dark  brown  to  black 
throughout.  £  has  forelegs  dilated.  The  Hilarae 
feed  on  small  insects,  especially  flies,  but  also 
Aphides.  They  assemble  in  swarms,  and  dance 
about  in  the  air,  especially  over  streams  and  pools. 
(Theobald.) 


Fig.  55.  Chrysotus  neglectus  W.  $  3  mm.  17  vi. 
1907,  Studland.  An  iridescent  green  fly  with  pale 
buff-coloured  legs.  N.  Forest.  (Adams.) 


Fig.  56.  Lonchoptcra  lutea  Pz.  $3x8  mm.  24  vii. 
1890,  Harlesden.  The  $  has  different  venation.  A 
brown  fly,  with  legs  of  lighter  hue. 


CYCLORRHAPHA 

PROBOSCIDEA 


1 8 


Pipunculidae 
Syrphidae 


Fig-  57-  Pipunciilns  furcatns.  3*5  x  jo  mm.  In- 
habits woods  and  fields,  and  often  hovers  in  the 
air.  Grantchester. 


Fig.  58.  Liogaster  metallina  Y.  £  6  x  1 1  mm. 
Distinguished  from  Chrysogaster  by  the  entirely 
metallic  abdomen.  In  Chrysogaster  the  sides  of  the 
abdomen  are  shiny  and  the  central  area  dull.  Found 
on  flowers  of  buttercup  {Ranunculus  bulbosus). 


Fig.  59.  Melangyna  quadrimaculata  Verr.  ^9x18 
mm.,  $8x18  mm.  The  $  has  no  yellow  markings. 
Always  rather  scarce.  Painswick. 


Fig.  60.  Volucella  pelhicens  (Volucellinae)  L.  ? . 
At  rest,  22  mm.  from  frons  to  extremity  of  abdomen. 
Said  to  act  as  scavenger  in  the  nests  of  the  larger 
Hymenoptera,  or  to  be  parasitic  in  their  larvae, 
especially  wasps. 


CYCLORRHAPHA 

PROBOSCIDEA 


Syrphidae 


Fig.6r.  Afa//o/.ia'»ifa'ciformis(Er\sta\ir\ae)F\n.  2  14-5x25 
mm.  On  Portugal  laurel  or  Dog  Rose.  New  Forest 
(Adams),  vi.  1894  and  1907.  Thorax  yellow  pubescence. 
Body  dark  brown  ;  legs  brown,  shading  to  golden.  Rare. 
Many  in  1897  and  1900.  (Adams.)  N.  Forest. 


Fig.  62.  Pupa  of  Merodon  equestris 
(Eristalinae).  12-5x6  mm.  Narcissus 
bulb  fly.  Very  harmful  to  Daffodil, 
Lily  and  Tulip  bulbs. 


Fig.  63.    Criorrhina floccosa  Mg.    $  13  x  25  mm.    Bred  by  W.  Harwood  from  cocoon,  May  1914. 
Fig.  64.    Cocoon,  7x13  mm.,  from  whence  emerged  the  specimen  seen.    Found  at  root  of  Poplar. 


CYCLORRHAPHA 

PROBOSCIDEA 


20 


Syrphidae 
Oestridae 


Fig.  65.    Syritta pipiens  (Milesinae)  L.    ?  QX  14  mm.,  $  8x  14  mm.    Abundant  on  flowers. 


Fig.  66.  Callicera  aenea  (Chrysotoxinae)  F.  $  13  x  26  mm. 
New  Forest.  A  gorgeously  golden-coloured  fly  found  on 
leaves  of  briar  rose.  Specimen  found  by  Miss  Chawner, 
vii.  1901-2.  Scarce.  The  genera,  of  which  there  are  only 
two  British  species,  is  distinguished  from  Chrysotoxum  by 
its  terminal  style.  "  Rare,  but  now  commoner.  Six  found 
on  Rhododendron  blossom  vii.  1898,  at  Rhinefields,  New 
Forest;  also  on  Bramble  and  Wild  Rose:  July  best 
month."  (Adams.) 


Fig.  67.  Pupae  of  Gastrophilus  equi  F. 
15  x  7'5  mm.  Brown  to  black  in  colour,  found 
in  meadows  on  and  near  horse  droppings 
under  the  surface  of  grass.  The  horse  bot 
larvae  live  in  the  horse's  stomach.  See 
Typical  Flies,  p.  37. 


CYCLORRHAPHA 

PROBOSCIDEA 


2  I 


Tachinidae 
Muscidae 


Fig.  68.  Blepharidea  vulgaris  Fin.  8  x<i4  mm. 
Destroys  larvae  of  Pieris  rapae  (white  butterfly)  and 
many  Diurnia.  The  commonest  Tachinid  parasite 
on  Lepidoptera,  attacks  many  species,  such  as 
Vanessa  urticae  in  great  abundance,  Hesperia 
hneola,  etc. ;  destroys  50  to  80  per  cent,  of  summer 
broods  perhaps.  (Hanvood.) 


Fig.  69.  Tachina  (Echinomyia*)  grossa  L.  $  19  x 
37  mm.  Parasite  on  larvae  of  Bombycid  Moths. 
Wool,  Dorset,  vii.  1918. 


Fig.  70.  Fabricia  ferox  L.  $  13x25  mm.  Hover- 
ing over  briar  at  Arne  Common  Road,  Dorset.  Also 
found  about  rabbit  burrows  near  Newbury,  Berks, 
and  sitting  on  sandy  banks,  Millbrook,  Cornwall. 
Near  Sallows. 


Fig.  71.  Stoinoxys  calcitrans  L.  ^  6  mm.  frons  to 
tip  of  abdomen.  (Showing  mouth  parts.)  Hurtful 
to  horses,  and  biting  people  from  its  resting-place  on 
windows  in  autumn.  This  species,  which  is  grey  in 
colour  with  black  spottings,  is  the  commonest  biting 
fly  among  the  Muscidae.  It  has  often  made  horses 
uncontrollable,  and  cattle  are  driven  wild  by  it. 
"  It  can  be  distinguished  by  its  habit  of  sitting 
sideways."  (Harwood.) 


CYCLORRHAPHA 

PROBOSCIDEA 


22 


Anthomyidae 
Cordyluridae 


Fig.  72.  ( Mydaeinae)  Spilogaster  Zoe.  ^4x10  mm. 
Thorax  and  head  paler  brown  than  the  abdomen, 
which  is  dark.  Larvae  found  in  decaying  animal 
and  vegetable  matter.  Possibly  like  N.  uliginosus 
in  rotten  wood.  Colchester. 


Fig-  73-  (Anthomyina]  Phorbia  cepetoriun  Aleade. 
$  8  mm.,  9  9  mm-  frons  to  tip  of  wing.  The  onion 
fly.  Onions  should  be  lifted  and  the  larvae  destroyed. 
If  pulled,  the  grubs  remain  in  the  soil  and  spread 
to  sound  bulbs  ;  a  dressing  of  soot  is  recommended 
as  preventative  to  attack. 


Fig.  74.  (Caenosinae)  Fncellia  fucorum  Fin.  5  x  ' ' 
mm.  1 8  viii.  1900  on  coast  sands  above  high  water. 
Found  along  the  sea  shore  generally,  here  and  in 
America.  A  pale  brown  fly  of  uniform  colouring, 
with  bristles  on  thorax  and  legs  and  extremity  of 
abdomen.  "  Christchurch  Bay."  (Adams.) 


Fig.  75.  Cordyhtra  ciliata  Mg.  ^  io'5  x  16  mm. 
Near  rivers  and  amongst  grass.  Summer  and  autumn 
common.  Colchester. 


CYCLORRHAPHA 

PROBOSCIDEA 


Sciomyzidae 


Fig.  76.   NeuroctenaanilisYln.    $9x19111111.    New 
Forest.    (Adams.)    Near  damp  places  in  summer. 


Fig.  77.  Neottiophilnm  praeustum  Mg.  $  10x17 
mm.  From  larvae  found  in  finches'  nests,  from 
May  20  to  end  of  June.  New  Forest.  (Adams.) 
Golden  brown  abdomen,  banded  darker  shade. 
Spots  on  wings  still  darker  brown.  Rare. 


Fig.  78.  Limnia  marginata  F.  $  7  x  1 3  mm., 
$  6  x  14  mm.  Found  by  sweeping  grass  near  the 
East  Coast,  St  Osyth.  Also  from  inland  on  the 
Roman  Road,  near  Cambridge,  viii.  1918.  (Har- 
wood.) 


Fi»-  79-  Elgiva  albiseta  Scop.  <$  7x14  mm. 
Sometimes  abundant  amongst  rush  and  coarse 
grass. 


CYCLORRHAPHA 

PROBOSCIDEA 


24 


Psilidae 
Ortalidae 


Fig.  80.  Psila  fimetaria  L.  £  8x17  mm.  Along 
hedgerows.  Compare  with  the  carrot  fly,  Psila 
nigricornis.  Colchester. 


Fig.  81.  Loxocera  aristata  Pz.  $  10x14  mm- 
Common  on  beating  whitethorn  and  on  other  trees 
near  water.  Sudbury,  Suffolk.  A  dark  brown  fly  ; 
thorax  and  legs  bright  red  brown.  Smooth  and 
devoid  of  hairs  or  bristles. 


Fig.  82.  Lissa  loxocerina  Pin.  Sxiomm.  Taken 
on  Rhamnus,  New  Forest,  1908.  Perfectly  smooth, 
dark  brown  body ;  legs  brighter  red  brown. 


Fig.  83.  (Ortalinae)  Pteropaectriafrondescentiae  L. 
$  4  x  8  mm.  Found  in  damp  places  on  the  marshes 
by  sweeping.  Wicken  Fen.  (N.  D.  F.  P.)  Body 
black,  wings  banded,  intense  dark  brown. 


CYCLORRHAPHA 

PROBOSCIDEA 


25 


Ortalidae 


Fig.  84.  (Ortalinae}  Ceroxys  pictus  Mg.  ^4x8 
mm.,  $4x9  mm.  Essex  marshes ;  common  in 
sweeping  grass  and  sedge  on  sea  coast  marshes. 
(St  Osyth,  Essex.)  Body  grey  brown,  legs  of  same 
colour,  darker  wing  spots. 


Fig.  85.  (Ortalinae]  Ceroxys  crassipennis  F.  $  8x 
17  mm.  In  numbers  at  Aviemore  :  and  river  mouth 
of  Thames  Estuary.  (T.F.King.)  A  dull  light  brown 
fly.  Wing  spots  and  legs  of  brighter  brown  hue. 


Fig.  86.  (Ortalinae)  Anacampta  urticae  L.  5  6  x 
13  mm.  On  Erith  Marshes,  1906,  and  in  similar 
localities,  but  generally  scarce.  (Andrews.)  Brown 
stripes  on  wings,  exceedingly  dark  brown  body. 


Fig.  87.  (Platystominae)  Rivellia  syngenesiae  F. 
9  2  x  6  mm.,  (£2x5  mm.  Found  by  sweeping  in 
meadows.  22  vi.  1896.  (Adams.)  A  blue-black  fly, 
brown  mottled  wings. 


CYCLORRHAPHA 

PROBOSCIDEA 


26 


Ortalidae 
Trypetidae 


Fig.  88.  (Ulidinae)  Seoptera  vibrans  L.  ?  6x  12 
mm.  Common  in  gardens  ;  runs  down  leaves  rapidly 
vibrating  its  wings,  hence  the  name.  A  black  fly, 
with  black  spots  on  wings. 


Fig.  89.  Aciura  rotundiventris  Fin.  4  x  10  mm. 
Bred  from  Burdock  by  Mr  King  and  by  Mr  Adam?. 
New  Forest.  A  very  handsome  dark  brown  fly, 
mottled  dark  brown  wings  and  bufiflegs.  Found  also, 
Matley  Bog,  New  Forest,  on  Angelica  svlixitica. 


Fig.  90.  Acidia  cognata  W.  9  ox  14  mm.  A  golden 
brown  fly  throughout,  with  exceptions  of  dark  brown 
wing  markings.  "  Sway,  New  Forest."  (Adams.) 


Fig.  91.  Spilographa  Zoe  Mg.  ^4x10  mm.  A 
pale  brown  fly  with  pale  legs  and  darker  wing  spots. 
New  Forest.  (Adams.) 


CYCLORRHAPHA 

PROBOSCIDEA 


27 


Trypetidae 


Fig.  92.  Trypeta  cormita  F.  <$  5x  12  mm.,  ?  8x 
14  mm.  Red  brown  throughout,  wings  with  paler 
bands.  W.  Suffolk. 


Fig.  93.  Urophora  solstitialis  L.  $  4  mm.  to  end 
of  ovipositor,  lomm.  across  wings.  A  fly  with  dark 
brown  abdomen,  but  wing  bands,  legs  and  thorax 
brighter  red  brown. 


Fig.  94.  Urophora  stylata  F.  9  7  x  ! '  mm-  Among 
Scotch  thistles  (Onopordum  acanthiuiri).  A  dark 
brown  fly,  wing  bands  and  legs  bright  red  brown. 
Galls  the  floral  receptacle  of  Cirsium  lanceolatinn 
forming  a  hard,  many-chambered  gall.  (Theobald.) 


Fig.  95.  Sphenella  marginata  Fin.  9  mm.  across 
wings.  A  pale  brown  fly,  wing  markings  pale  to 
dark  shade  of  brown. 


CYCLORRHAPHA 

PROBOSCIDEA 


28 


Trypetidae 


F'o-  97-  Tephritis plantaginis  Hal.  <$  5  x  9-5  mm. 
Taken  by  sweeping  amongst  A ster  Tripolinm.  Clac: 
ton-on-Sea,  viii.  1911.  (Harwood.)  Galls  the  in- 
florescence of  Aster  Tripolium.  (Theobald.)  A  dull 
brown  fly,  legs  and  wing  markings  slightly  brighter 
in  tint. 


Fig.  96.  Carphotricha  guttularis  Mg.  ^4x8  mm., 
$  4'5  X  9  mm.  Found  by  sweeping  among  Galiuin 
verum  at  Copford,  Essex.  "  New  Forest,  but  not 
common."  (Adams.)  A  dark  brown  fly,  legs  and 
wing  markings  bright  red  brown. 


Fig.  98.  Tephritis  hyoscyami  L.  £  4  x  10  mm., 
?  6x11-5  mm-  Taken  in  a  patch  of  thistles  by  P. 
Harwood,  Bishop's  Stortford.  A  dull  brown  fly,  legs 
and  wing  markings  of  lighter  hue. 


Fig.  99.  Tephritis  vespertina  Lw.  ^4x8  mm. 
New  Forest.  Red  brown  mottled  wings,  with  body 
of  lighter  grey  brown  shade.  Larvae  feed  in  heads 
of  Compositae.  "  New  Forest."  (Adams.) 


CYCLORRHAPHA 

PROBOSCIDEA 


29 


Trypetidae 
Lonchaeidae 


Fig.  loo.  Tephritis  bardanae  Schrk.  <*  4*5  x  1 1  mm., 
$  5  x  I2'5  mm.  From  heads  of  Burdock  (Arctium 
Lappa).  A  dull  brown  fly,  with  dark  wing  markings, 
but  legs  and  extremity  of  abdomen  of  bright  red 
brown.  "  New  Forest."  (Adams.)  Stanway,  Essex. 


Fig.  101.  Palloptera  umbellatarum  F.  4X  io-5  mm. 
A  small  brown  fly,  with  slightly  infumated  wings 
and  brown  spots.  Abdomen  yellow  brown. 


Fig.  1 02.  Palloptera  decempunctata.  ^4x10  mm. 
Figs.  101  and  102  are  uncommon  forms,  found  by 
Mr  Adams  beating  in  the  New  Forest  occasionally, 
28  vii.  1908.  A  light  brown  fly,  wing  spots  and  legs 
of  same  tint. 


Fig.  103.  Toxonenramuliebris  Harr.  g  3-1;  x  7  mm., 
?  3-5x10  mm.  On  windows  at  Kempston,  Bourne- 
mouth West,  viii.  1917.  Bright  red  brown  fly,  with 
white  spaces  on  wings.  Probably  flew  in  from 
Ceanothus  outside. 


CYCLORRHAPHA 

PROBOSCIDEA 


Opomyzidae 

Piophilidae 

Drosophilidae 


Fig.  104.  Balioptera  tripunctata  Fin.  $  3  x  7  mm. 
New  Forest,  26  viii.  1906.  A  dark  brown  fly,  legs 
and  wing  spots  of  darker  red  brown. 


Fig.  105.  Opotnyza  florutn  F.  $  3-5  x  8  mm.,  ^  3X 
7  mm.  Found  by  sweeping  grasses,  Bishop's  Stort- 
ford.  Pale  golden  brown  throughout,  darker  shade 
of  wing  spot. 


Fig.  1 06.  Piophila  casei  L.  6x  19  mm.  Found  at 
a  London  Club.  (Adams.)  25  vii.  1898.  Larvae  in 
cheese ;  cheese  maggot.  Kept  off  fresh  cheese  by 
means  of  muslin  shields.  A  dark  brown  smooth  fly, 
with  a  partiality  for  cheese. 


Fig.  107.  Drosophila  fenestranim  Fin.  3  x  9  mm. 
On  windows,  February  and  March,  Grantchester. 
(N.  D.  F.  P.)  The  larvae  of  the  Drosophilidae  feed 
on  plants,  oak  apples,  fungi,  cheese.  Some  mine  the 
leaves  of  plants.  Drosophila  fttnebris  is  often  called 
the  soft  cheese  fly.  D.  cellaris  feeds  on  the  matter 
adhering  to  beer  and  wine  corks.  D.  melanogaster 
attacks  grapes.  (Theobald.) 


Fig.  108.    Pupa  of  Drosophila  funebris.    (British 
Museum  specimen.) 


CYCLORRHAPHA 

PROBOSCIDEA 


Phytomyzidae 

Borboridae 

Phoridae 


Fig.  109.  Chrcniiatomyia  ilicis  Curt.  ^  2  x  6  mm., 
$  2-5x7  mm.  Emerges  from  Holly  Leaves.  The 
pupae  are  concealed  in  varicoloured  blotches. 
Young  leaves  attacked  by  the  fly  are  very  disfiguring 
to  ornamental  hollies.  Kempston,  Bournemouth 
West,  vi.  1916. 


Fig.  no.  Borbonis  cqniniis  Fin.  $  4-5  x  10  mm. 
New  Forest.  (Adams.)  A  dark  brown  fly,  portions 
of  legs  of  brighter  brown  hue.  The  larvae  feed  in 
decaying  substances.  (Theobald.) 


Fig.  in.    Limosina  pumilio  Mg.    3x7  mm.    Feb. 
and 


March.    Fountain,  Grantchester.    (N.  D.  F.  P.) 
ark  brown  fh 
roots.    (Theobal 


A  dark  brown  fly  throughout.    Injurious  to  Rhubarb 
ilcl.) 


Fig.  112.  Phora  opaca  Mg.  2x6  mm.  March  and 
April,  near  fountain  and  windows  at  Grantchester, 
1910.  Larvae  of  the  Phoridae  are  cylindrical,  thinner 
in  front  than  behind,  and  live  in  dead  insects  and 
snails  and  decaying  vegetable  matter.  (Theobald.) 


CYCLORRHAPHA 

EPROBOSCIDEA 


Hippoboscidae 


In  the  Eproboscidea  the  ovum  hatches  within  the  body  of  the  parent,  and  is  deposited 
as  a  larva  and  pupates  rapidly.  (See  Cambridge  Nat.  Hist.  vol.  VI.  p.  517,  and  British 
Bloodsucking  Flies,  E.  E.  Austen,  p.  62,  family  Hippoboscidae.) 


Figs.  113,  114.    Hippobosca  equina  L.    7  x  18  mm.    New  Forest,  19  ix.  1915.    (Adams.)    These  flies  are 
found  on  the  Forest  ponies.    Horses  not  used  to  them,  when  attacked,  become  unmanageable. 


Figs.  115,  116.  Stenopteryx  hirundinis  L.  J  3mm.,  5  mm.  Found  as  spherical  dark  brown  puparia  in 
the  nests  of  Martins  and  Swallows,  Hauxton  Mill.  (N.  D.  F.  Pearce.)  Bred  out  Sept. -Oct.  1917.  A  pale 
brown  fly  throughout. 


CYCLORRHAPHA 

EPROBOSCIDEA 


33 


Hippoboscidae 

Braulidae 

Nycteribiidae 


Fig.  117.  Lipoptcna  cer-vi  L.  $  6  mm.  Parasite  of 
Capreolus  caprea.  Micro-slide  of  Rothschild  col- 
lection, Tring.  (By  permission.) 


Fig.  1 1 8.  Branla  caeca  Nitz.  Found  on  bees  at 
Grantchester  by  N.  D.  F.  Pearce.  Off  a  worker  of 
Apis  inellifica.  vii.  1915.  This  is  one  of  the  well- 
known  Hive  Bee  Parasites. 


Fig.  119.  Nycteribia  (Listropoditi)  pedicularia  La- 
treille.  $  ventral  view.  From  Vespertilio  dauben- 
toni.  Wells  Cathedral,  Somerset,  vi.  1906.  2'5  mm. 
From  micro-slide,  Rothschild  collection,  Tring.  (By 
permission.) 


Legs  of  Nycteribia  pedic ularia  enlarged. 


CYCLORRHAPHA 

EPROBOSCIDEA 


34 


Nycteribiidae 


Fig.  121.  Nycteribia  (Listropodia)  pedicularia 
Latr.  var.  blasii  (Kolenati)  Scott.  ?  2'2  mm.  ventral 
view.  From  Vespertilio  daubentoni,  Henley-on- 
Thames.  14  ii.  1906.  From  micro-slide,  Rothschild 
collection,  Tring.  (By  permission.) 


Fig.  122.  Nycteribia  (Stylidia)  biarticulata  Hermann.  $  3  mm.  dorsal  view.  From 
Rhinolophus  ferrum  equinum.  12  v.  1912.  From  micro-slide,  Rothschild  collection,  Tring. 
(By  permission.) 

In  Parasitology  (University  Press,  Cambridge),  vol.  IX.  no.  4,  July  27,  1917,  will  be  found 
an  interesting  general  account  of  the  Nycteribiidae,  with  description  of  two  new  genera 
by  Dr  Hugh  Scott.  And  in  The  National  Review  of  Aug.  1919,  another  account  by 
Mr  H.  Russell  in  a  paper  entitled  "Wingless  Flies"  is  of  interest  to  students. 
I  am  indebted  to  Dr  Scott  for  the  names  of  the  three  British  Nycteribiidae  illustrated  in 
these  pages;  and  to  Mr  Harold  Russell  for  his  trouble  to  secure  the  loan  of  Nycteribiidae 
for  my  illustrations.  It  should  be  here  stated  that  blasii  and  pedicularia  are  "  not  absolutely 
identical,"  but  Dr  Scott  considers  the  difference  insufficient  to  entitle  the  former  to  specific 
rank,  but  rather  that  they  should  be  looked  upon  as  two  forms  of  the  same  species. 
Nycteribiidae  of  different  genera  and  species  have  been  found  not  only  on  the  same  bat 
species,  but  upon  the  same  bat  individual  (Scott). 


/CYCLORRHAPHAX 

\PROBOSCIDEA  / 


35 


Syrphidae 
Microdontinae 


APPENDIX  TO  VOL.   II 


Figs.  123,  124.  Microdon  mutabilis  L.  $  1 1  x  20  mm.  Pale  silver  pubescence  across 
abdomen  and  on  frons.  9  n  X2i  mm.  Golden  tawny  pubescence  across  abdomen  and 
on  frons.  (Bred  by  Rosse,  Butterfield,  Yorkshire.)  "  The  larvae  found  in  ants  nests  and 
under  bark  on  stumps  of  trees  long  cut  down,  the  nest  being  generally  of  Formica  fusca. 
Fly  emerges  middle  of  May,  near  Lymington.  The  wings  of  bred  specimens  are  often  wet 
and  dirty  from  material  of  nest,  generally  Ash  and  Aldridge  Hill  Pine.  Wild  specimens 
often  have  frayed  wings."  (Jones.) 


/ORTHORRHAPHA 

\BRACHYCERA 


Asilidae 
Asilinae 


Fig.  125.    Pamponerus germaniciis  L.    9  19x3611101.    (P.  Harwood,  Glamorgan,  vi.  1920.) 
Wings  brownish,  face  bearded:  said  by  Verrall  to  be  dying  out  in  England.    Rare. 


INDEX 


The  references  arc  to  the  Figures 


Acidia  cognata  90 

Aciura  rotundiventris   89 

Acrocera  globulus    52 

Aedes  cinereus   21 

Aedes  cinereus,  antennae  of  22 

Anacampta  urticae    86 

Anopheles,  ova  and  larvae    23 

Anthrax  circumdatus   46,  47 

Anthrax  circumdatus,  habitat  of  48 

Balioptera  tripunctata    104 

Beris  vallata    34 

Blepharidea  vulgaris   68 

Bombylius  minor   49,  50 

Borborus  equinus    no 

Braula  caeca    1 18 

Callicera  aenea   66 

Carphotricha  guttularis   96 

Ceroxys  crassipennis    85 

Ceroxys  pictus    84 

Chromatomyia  ilicis    109 

Chrysops  caecutiens   40 

Chrysops  sepulcralis   41,  42,  43 

Chrysotus  neglectus    55 

Cordylura  ciliata   75 

Corethra  plumicornis    11,  12,  13 

Corethra   plumicornis,   larva,   pupa    14, 

15,  1 6,  17 

Criorrhina  floccosa,  cocoon   64 
Criorrhina  floccosa   63 
Ctenophora  ornata    29,  30 
Culex  vexans,  larva  and  pupa   24,  25 
Dilophus  febrilis    3 
Dixa   26 

Drosophila  fenestrarum    107 
Drosophila  funebris,  pupae    108 
Elgiva  albiseta    79 
Empis  tessellata    53 


Fabricia  ferox   70 

Fucellia  fucorum    74 

Gastrophilus  equi,  pupae    67 

Hilara  maura    54 

Hippobosca  equina    113,  114 

Laphria  flava   44 

Limnia  marginata   78 

Limosina  pumilio    in 

Lissa  loxocerina    82 

Liogaster  metallina    58 

Lipoptcna  cervi    1 17 

Lonchoptera  lutea    56 

Loxocera  aristata   81 

Mallota  cimbiciformis   61 

Melangyna  quadrimaculata    59 

Merodon  equestris,  pupa   62 

Microchrysa  polita    33 

Microdon  mutabilis    123,  124 

Mochlonyx  velutinus    18 

Mochlonyx    velutinus,   larva   and    pupa 

19,  20 

Nemotelus  notatus    31 
Neottiophilum  praeustum    77 
Neuroctena  anilis    76 
Nycteribiidae    119,  120,  121,  122 
Odontomyia  tigrina    32 
Opomyza  florum    105 
Palloptera  decempunctata    102 
Palloptera  umbellatarum    101 
Pamponerus  germanicus    125 
Pericoma  compta   8 
Philonicus  albiceps   45 
Phora  opaca    1 12 
Phorbia  cepetorum    73 
Piophila  casei    106 
Pipunculus  furcatus    57 
Platyura  marginata    i 


Psila  fimetaria   80 

Psychoda  phalaenoides   9 

Psychoda  sexpunctata    10 

Pteropaectria  frondescentiae   83 

Rivellia  syngenesiae   87 

Scatopse  notata   2 

Scenopinus  fenestraiis    51 

Seoptera  vibrans   88 

Simulium   cinereum,    ova   4;    pupa    5 

larva  6  ;  habitat  of  7 
Sphenella  marginata   95 
Spilogaster  Zoe   72 
Spilographa  Zoe   91 
Stenopteryx  hirundinis    115,116 
Stomoxys  calcitrans   71 
Syritta  pipiens   65 


Tabanus  autumnalis   36,  37 

Tabanus  autumnalis,  habitat  of  39 

Tabanus  autumnalis,  mouth  parts  of  38 

Tachina  grossa   69 

Tephritis  bardanae    100 

Tephritis  hyoscyami   98 

Tephritis  plantaginis   97 

Tephritis  vespertina   99 

Therioplectes  micans    35 

Tipula  marmorata    27 

Trypeta  cornuta  92 

Toxoneura  muliebris    103 

Urophora  solstitialis   93 

Urophora  stylata   94 

Volucella  pellucens   60 

Xiphura  nigricornis    28 


CAMBRIDGE:  PRINTED  BY  j.  B.  PEACE,  M.A.,  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 


THERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


D    000947274    7 


